Q&A Carlo Rovelli’s Radical Perspective on Reality The theoretical physicist and best-selling author finds inspiration in politics and philosophy for rethinking space and time. 12 A man with frizzy gray hair and wire-frame glasses peers into the distance in the foreground. He is on a boat on the water with the shoreline visible behind. There is no objective reality, according to Rovelli — only perspectives. “This is very radical, because you can no longer say, ‘This is a list of things in the world, and this is how they are.’” Jan Jackle for Quanta Magazine Introduction ByZack Savitsky Contributing Writer October 29, 2025 View PDF/Print Mode general relativitygravityloop quantum gravityphysicsQ&Aquantum gravityspace-timetheoretical physicsAll topics Sitting outside a Catholic church on the French Riviera, Carlo Rovelli jutted his head forward and backward, imitating a pigeon trotting by. Pigeons bob their heads, he told me, not only to stabilize their vision but also to gauge distances(opens a new tab) to objects — compensating for their limited binocular vision. “It’s all perspectival,” he said. A theoretical physicist affiliated with Aix-Marseille University, Rovelli studies how we perceive reality from our limited vantage point. His research is wide-ranging, running the gamut from quantum information to black holes, and often delves into the history and philosophy of science. In the late 1980s, he helped develop a theory called loop quantum gravity that aims to describe the quantum underpinnings of space and time. A decade later, he proposed a new “relational” interpretation of quantum mechanics, which goes so far as to suggest that there is no objective reality whatsoever, only perspectives on reality — be they a physicist’s or a pigeon’s. More recently, he’s gained recognition as a best-selling author of popular science books, including Seven Brief Lessons on Physics, which has sold more than 2 million copies worldwide — placing him in a limelight he’s still adjusting to. “I’m very bad at being somewhat famous,” he said. “I’m always getting myself in trouble.” (During my visit, he was fending off criticism from the president of the Italian Physical Society, who accused him(opens a new tab) of defaming Enrico Fermi as a “bloodthirsty fascist/Nazi.”) Rovelli’s own perspective on physics is heavily influenced by his rebellious, countercultural youth. A student protestor in an attempted political revolution in Bologna in 1977, Rovelli worked at a subversive left-wing radio station, drafted an illegal manifesto, and was later detained for refusing compulsory military service. Disillusioned by societal norms, “I had a sense that we were confused about how to think about reality around us,” he said. At 69, he remains politically engaged (and often enraged). “Part of me is still an old hippie.” After the political unrest in Bologna petered out, Rovelli transferred his deep misgivings to the very fabric of reality. He used the same proclivity for challenging traditional ways of thinking to confront long-standing problems in the foundations of physics — not by rejecting established theories, but by embracing a new perspective on them. His approach centers around a radical openness to abandoning intuitions about how the world works. Share this article (opens a new tab) Newsletter Get Quanta Magazine delivered to your inbox Subscribe now Recent newsletters (opens a new tab) A man steering a small wooden sailboat. By clicking to watch this video, you agree to our privacy policy. Video: Carlo Rovelli discusses his research on time and his view that it should not appear in the quantum theory of gravity. Emily Buder/Quanta Magazine; Jan Jackle for Quanta Magazine To confront his own biases, whether about physics or society, Rovelli turns to philosophy. He often publishes on metaphysical topics(opens a new tab) and advocates for more dialogue(opens a new tab) between the disciplines. His newest book, published this month in Italian(opens a new tab), is a deep dive into the intersection of philosophy and physics, a mash-up he sees as the key to understanding what our existing theories are really telling us. Quanta visited Rovelli at his home overlooking the cliffs of Cassis. Over a 12-hour conversation, held while we lounged on his patio, strolled around town, and cruised on his 100-year-old sailboat, we discussed religion, war, consciousness, media, love, pigeons and, of course, physics. The interview has been condensed and edited for clarity. What is your central question, and how did it lead you to study quantum gravity? My central question has always been: How does the world work? We have two main theories that work incredibly well for different domains: general relativity and quantum mechanics. When I learned about these theories in school, I was impressed by how radical they were. They both challenge very foundational conceptions that we have about the world around us — of space as an empty stage where objects exist, and of time as a steady linear flow. They resonated with this idea I had that if you really want to understand reality, you have to be ready to be radical. All attempts to disprove quantum mechanics and general relativity have failed. But nevertheless, in this picture, there’s clearly a crack. There are phenomena out there — like objects falling into a black hole — that fall outside the domain of both theories. When you try to put the two theories together, they appear to result in all sorts of contradictions and paradoxes. To me, the interface of these two theories — the problem of quantum gravity — was really this deep, profound gap in our fundamental physical picture of the world. A gray-haired man in a white shirt points at some writing on a blackboard that’s on an outside wall on a porch overlooking some mountains. Jan Jackle for Quanta Magazine Tell me about the approach you’ve taken to fill that gap: loop quantum gravity. Loop quantum gravity is a very conservative approach with a very radical consequence. It’s an attempt to say: Let’s take seriously what we’ve learned from general relativity and quantum mechanics all the way through and see where they lead us. There are no extra fields, extra particles, modifications of the Einstein equations, or other hypotheses about nature. It’s just an effort to make coherent what we know so far. Basically, loop quantum gravity implies that space is not infinitely divisible — it’s made of elementary chunks, which are linked together into loops. The theory is a very simple set of equations, but there’s no time variables and no space variables. Those concepts emerge from the way these quanta of gravity interact and transform. What we call space is the quantity of these loops, and what we call time is how the loops evolve continuously. How do we account for our common experience of time if it’s not fundamental? Our experience of time flowing forward is a product of the second law of thermodynamics — the tendency for physical systems to increase in disorder, or what we call entropy. But this only appears fundamental from our perspective. We happen to be beings that are connected to certain macroscopic variables with respect to which entropy is globally moving in one direction. My intuition is that the overall flow of time really could be like the rotation of the sky every day. It’s a majestic, immense phenomenon, but it’s actually an illusion. This is a totally perspectival understanding of the second law of thermodynamics. It’s real in the same sense that the rotating sky is real, but it’s real only with respect to us. A man is seen from behind, looking up at the face of a grandfather clock. Jan Jackle for Quanta Magazine One critique of loop quantum gravity is that it contradicts certain predictions of Einstein, namely that the speed of light is constant for all wavelengths. What do you make of this critique? The theory has evolved a lot over the last 20 years, and the current version is not incompatible with Einstein’s predictions — the speed of light is indeed constant at all physical wavelengths. That said, there are some things about loop quantum gravity that still need resolving. We’re not sure how the different versions of the theory are equivalent to one another. We have a problem in which particle scattering seems to generate infinite amounts of low-energy radiation. And solving the equations is still a very complicated task that we’re working to simplify. Our community has wasted a lot of time searching after speculative ideas. What we need instead is to digest the knowledge we already have. The main shortcoming is the lack of experiments supporting it. However, there’s hope on the horizon. There are some proposals to use loop quantum gravity to make sense of signatures in the cosmic microwave background radiation that’s left over from the Big Bang. And there’s another new idea I’m very excited about: If loop quantum gravity is right, there should exist tiny black holes weighing around 10 micrograms that are long-living and that interact only gravitationally. We’re thinking about ways to detect a background “wind” of these particles. And perhaps these tiny black holes are actually what we call dark matter, a mysterious widespread astronomical phenomenon that we have not yet understood. Detection will be difficult, but it’s not out of the game. I’m hopeful there will be some experiment that will make the larger community see loop quantum gravity as the natural explanation. It’s far from clear that we cannot account for all of these phenomena using the existing theories that have worked so well for 100 years. If we are to hold on to our existing theories, what picture do they paint about the nature of reality when taken together? Rethinking space and time pushed me to view reality in a completely different way — not as a universe made of objects with defined properties, but as a network of interactions. This is the “relational” interpretation of quantum mechanics. In some sense, it’s a continuation of the trend in modern physics that we have seen with general relativity and quantum mechanics — a strong push toward perspectivalism. We’re used to velocity being relative: The velocity of this table is different with respect to me, with respect to [that pigeon flying] outside, or with respect to the sun. Einstein showed us that time and length are also relative to different observers. Relational quantum mechanics takes this idea a step further. It argues that all properties of an object — its color, location, size, etc. — are in principle only definable in relation to another system. We need to give up the idea that there are material things which we’re describing from the outside. The best way of conceptualizing reality in light of modern science is in terms of the relative information that pieces of nature have about one another. We can only say how the world looks from our limited, biased perspective. This is very radical, because you can no longer say, “This is a list of things in the world, and this is how they are.” We have to live with this lack of total description over reality. A close-up of Rovelli’s face. Jan Jackle for Quanta Magazine There’s something unsettling about this argument. It seems to undermine the ultimate goal of physics to describe the “true” nature of reality, does it not? It very much does, but if you look at the history of science, the ultimate goal has been changing constantly. It went from describing the rotation of heavenly bodies to tracking the forces that guide particles to following the evolution of fields in space-time. I think that the problem of science is to figure out the right conceptual scheme to best understand nature as we see it. The relational perspective is rooted in a deep awareness that our knowledge about the world is fundamentally limited and that everything we see is partial. We have a much stronger and more honest way of approaching reality without being attached to this misleading idea of there being an ultimate truth. We must not confuse the knowledge we have with the reality of the world. If this leaves you with a sense of emptiness about reality, that’s fair. But it’s precisely by knowing that our knowledge is limited that we are able to learn. Between absolute certainty and ignorance there’s all this interesting space in which we live. You’ve written about how your change in worldview has been guided by philosophers. How do you view the relationship between philosophy and physics? The disciplines desperately need one another. A philosopher who doesn’t think about science is not willing to engage with the knowledge we have, and that’s just silly. And a scientist who refuses to look at philosophy is trapped in ways of thinking from which there may be an escape. Historically, the relationship between physicists and philosophers has been very strong. All scientific revolutions have been strongly influenced by philosophical ideas. Copernicus, Galileo and Newton were all philosophers themselves. Einstein very explicitly credited his insights to philosophers like Immanuel Kant, Ernst Mach and others. And Erwin Schrödinger was likely influenced by his reading of the Upanishads, the sacred Hindu texts, when he came up with wave mechanics. A man with glasses smiling Jan Jackle for Quanta Magazine But lately, the relationship between physicists and philosophers has been at an all-time low. Stephen Hawking famously pronounced that “philosophy is dead,” and Richard Feynman said things like “Philosophers are as good for science as ornithologists are good for birds.” What they don’t realize is that, first, they are doing philosophy by commenting on what it means to do science; and second, their whole view of science is already under the influence of American pragmatism thinking and philosophers like Karl Popper and Thomas Kuhn. What the physics community took away from these philosophers was that science is about picking new ideas out of thin air, developing a theory, and testing whether it’s right or wrong. This gives the false impression that scientific progress comes only in paradigm-shifting insights that overturn previous thinking, and that all new hypotheses are equally probable until falsified. But science is so much more than that. It’s a continuous process of building on past knowledge to refine our perspective. In my opinion, this closed-mindedness is precisely the problem with modern theoretical physics. We’re undergoing a colossal jump in knowledge that’s forcing us to rethink notions of reality, information, time and space. Our community has wasted a lot of time searching after speculative ideas. What we need instead is to digest the knowledge we already have. And to do that, we need philosophy. Philosophers help us not to find the right answers to given questions, but to find the right questions to better conceptualize reality. A man with glasses looking into the camera Jan Jackle for Quanta Magazine In your book Helgoland, you talk about how the Buddhist philosopher Nagarjuna shaped your work. In what way did his texts open your mind? The core idea of relational quantum mechanics is that when we talk about an object — be it an atom, a person or a galaxy — we are never just referring to the system alone. Rather, we are always referring to the interactions between this system and something else. We can only describe — and in fact understand — a thing as it relates to ourselves, or to our measuring devices. Related: The Unraveling of Space-Time How to Understand the Universe When You’re Stuck Inside of It What Is Entropy? A Measure of Just How Little We Really Know. Nagarjuna expresses a very similar idea: that no entity has a proper independent existence — things only exist depending on one another. By renouncing “primary” entities or any “ultimate absolute reality,” we can better make sense of the world in terms of how things manifest themselves to other things. Relational quantum mechanics uses similar ideas to make sense of all quantum paradoxes in a precise mathematical way. The main idea is to give up questions about how things really are, in absolute terms. It’s just like how Galileo taught us that asking “Is this object really moving?” is meaningless, and Einstein taught us that asking “Are these two events really simultaneous?” is meaningless. The confusion about quantum mechanics, I believe, is generated by asking questions that have no meaning. The answer to the riddle is that there is no riddle.
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Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell Tulane University to Keep Protecting Jewish Students Last updated April 4, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c Albany, NY University at Albany, SUNY Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell University at Albany to Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison b Getzville, NY University at Buffalo Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell University at Buffalo to Keep Protecting Jewish Students. Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison a Tuscaloosa, AL University of Alabama Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell University of Alabama to Keep Protecting Jewish Students Last updated March 4, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison b Tucson, AZ University of Arizona Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell University of Arizona to Keep Protecting Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c Berkeley, CA University of California, Berkeley Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell University of California Berkeley to Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c Davis, CA University of California, Davis Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell University of California Davis to Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c Irvine, CA University of California, Irvine Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell University of California Irvine to Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison d Los Angeles, CA University of California, Los Angeles Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Demand that University of California Los Angeles Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison d Riverside, CA University of California, Riverside Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Demand that University of California Riverside Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c La Jolla, CA University of California, San Diego Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell University of California San Diego to Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison d Santa Barbara, CA University of California, Santa Barbara Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Demand that University of California Santa Barbara Protect Jewish Students Last updated April 4, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison d Santa Cruz, CA University of California, Santa Cruz Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Demand that University of California Santa Cruz Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison b Orlando, FL University of Central Florida Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell University of Central Florida to Keep Protecting Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison d Chicago, IL University of Chicago Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Demand that University of Chicago Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison b Boulder, CO University of Colorado, Boulder Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell University of Colorado Boulder to Keep Protecting Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison b Storrs, CT University of Connecticut Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell University of Connecticut to Keep Protecting Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison b Newark, DE University of Delaware Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell University of Delaware to Keep Protecting Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c Denver, CO University of Denver Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell University of Denver to Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison b Gainesville, FL University of Florida Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell University of Florida to Keep Protecting Jewish Students. Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison a Athens, GA University of Georgia Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell University of Georgia to Keep Protecting Jewish Students Last updated April 4, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison b West Hartford, CT University of Hartford Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell University of Hartford to Keep Protecting Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c Houston, TX University of Houston Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell The University of Houston to Protect Jewish Students Last updated April 4, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison f Chicago, IL University of Illinois, Chicago Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Demand that University of Illinois Chicago Protect Jewish Students Last updated April 1, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c Champaign, IL University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign to Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 7, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison b Lawrence, KS University of Kansas Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell University of Kansas to Keep Protecting Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison d Baltimore, MD University of Maryland, Baltimore County Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Demand that University of Maryland Baltimore County Protect Jewish Students Last updated April 1, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c College Park, MD University of Maryland, College Park Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell University of Maryland College Park to Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 4, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison d Amherst, MA University of Massachusetts, Amherst Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Demand that University of Massachusetts Amherst Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison a Coral Gables, FL University of Miami Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell University of Miami to Keep Protecting Jewish Students Last updated June 6, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c Ann Arbor, MI University of Michigan Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell University of Michigan to Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c Minneapolis, MN University of Minnesota, Minneapolis Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell The University of Minnesota to Protect Jewish Students Last updated April 4, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c Lincoln, NE University of Nebraska, Lincoln Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell University of Nebraska – Lincoln to Protect Jewish Students Last updated April 1, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison b Las Vegas, NV University of Nevada, Las Vegas Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell University of Nevada Las Vegas to Keep Protecting Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c Chapel Hill, NC University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell University of North Carolina Chapel Hill to Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c Notre Dame , IN University of Notre Dame Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell University of Notre Dame to Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison d Eugene, OR University of Oregon Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Demand that University of Oregon Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c Philadelphia, PA University of Pennsylvania Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell University of Pennsylvania to Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c Pittsburgh, PA University of Pittsburgh Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell University of Pittsburgh to Protect Jewish Students Last updated April 4, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison b Columbia, SC University of South Carolina Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell University of South Carolina to Keep Protecting Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison b Tampa, FL University of South Florida Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell University of South Florida to Keep Protecting Jewish Students Last updated April 4, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c Los Angeles, CA University of Southern California Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell University of Southern California to Protect Jewish Students Last updated April 4, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison b Austin, TX University of Texas, Austin Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell University of Texas, Austin to Keep Protecting Jewish Students. Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c Burlington, VT University of Vermont Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell University of Vermont to Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c Charlottesville, VA University of Virginia Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell University of Virginia to Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison d Seattle, WA University of Washington Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Demand that University of Washington Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c Madison, WI University of Wisconsin–Madison Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell University of Wisconsin Madison to Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison a Nashville, TN Vanderbilt University Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell Vanderbilt University to Keep Protecting Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison b Poughkeepsie, NY Vassar College Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell Vassar College to Keep Protecting Jewish Students. Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c Blacksburg, VA Virginia Tech Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell Virginia Tech to Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison b Winston-Salem, NC Wake Forest University Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell Wake Forest University to Keep Protecting Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison b St. Louis, MO Washington University in St. Louis Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell Washington University in St. Louis to Keep Protecting Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c Detroit, MI Wayne State University Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell Wayne State University to Protect Jewish Students Last updated April 1, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison b Wellesley, MA Wellesley College Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell Wellesley College to Keep Protecting Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c Williamstown, MA Williams College Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell Williams College to Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison d New Haven, CT Yale University Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Demand that Yale University Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison
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The end of the deep state is here; Supreme Court seems likely to give Trump more power over agencies President Trump wants the Supreme Court to overturn a 90-year-old precedent limiting his ability to remove leaders of independent agencies. Portrait of Maureen GroppeMaureen Groppe USA TODAY Updated Dec. 8, 2025, 4:56 p.m. ET Deeper Dive BETA Which company sued over Trump's tariffs in a Supreme Court case? When did the Supreme Court hear arguments on Trump's agency firing case? What precedent does Trump seek to overturn regarding agency leadership removal? Which company sued over Trump's tariffs in a Supreme Court case? WASHINGTON – The Supreme Court appears likely to agree with President Donald Trump that he can fire at will the heads of some independent agencies, hearing arguments on Dec. 8 in a case that could redefine how more than a dozen agencies operate and shift power from Congress to the president. The agencies were set up by Congress to be led by politically balanced boards of experts serving staggered, fixed terms. But Trump argues presidential control will make agencies like the Federal Trade Commission, the Consumer Product Safety Commission and the Federal Election Commission more accountable to voters who elect presidents. “The real-world consequences here are human beings exercising enormous governmental authority with a great deal of control over individuals and small and large businesses who ultimately do not answer to the president,” Solicitor General John Sauer told the justices during nearly 2 ½ hours of oral arguments. “That’s a power vacuum.” A lawyer for Rebecca Kelly Slaughter, a FTC commissioner fired by Trump, countered that independent agencies have been part of the nation's governing structure since 1790. “Any abstract theory that would wipe away so much history and precedent should be a nonstarter,” attorney Amit Agarwal argued. Conservative justices sympathetic to Trump's argument President Donald Trump shakes hands with Supreme Court Chief Justice John Roberts in the Rotunda of the U.S. Capitol on Jan. 20, 2025. But the court’s conservative supermajority seemed more sympathetic to the Trump administration’s position. Most seemed to agree that the president should be able to remove leaders from at least some agencies and pushed only on how far that could go. Justice Brett Kavanaugh, for example, stressed early that he views the Federal Reserve differently. By contrast, the court’s three liberal justices tried to raise the alarm about the potential consequences of letting presidents control agencies that Congress tried to insulate from political interference. “The result of what you want is that the president is going to have massive, unchecked, uncontrolled power,” Justice Elena Kagan said, “not only to do traditional execution, but to make law through legislative and adjudicative frameworks." Get the Susan Page newsletter in your inbox. Get the latest story from Susan Page right in your inbox. Delivery: Varies Your Email In response, Justice Samuel Alito gave Sauer the chance to argue that the results won’t be disastrous. “In fact, our entire government will move towards accountability,” Sauer agreed. But Agarwal said a president could “just on a whim decide tomorrow that everything the agency has been doing is wrong.” Trump wants Supreme Court to overturn a 90-year-old precedent The headquarters of the US Federal Trade Commission (FTC) in Washington, DC, November 18, 2024. Trump wants the court to overturn a 1935 decision limiting a president's ability to remove leaders of multimember administrative agencies, a decision the court has been chipping away at since 2010. Under the “unitary executive theory” that conservatives have advanced for years, the Constitution gives presidents complete control over executive functions, which must include the power to remove commission members. In 1935, however, the Supreme Court said the FTC’s duties were “neither political nor executive, but predominantly quasi-judicial and quasi-legislative.” The Department of Justice argues that even if that was a correct interpretation of the FTC in 1935 − which it disputes − it no longer is. Supreme Court could topple yet another campaign finance limit Supreme Court to take on controversial Trump policy on birthright citizenship Supreme Court lets Texas use congressional map favored by Trump Supreme Court not ready to tackle prayers at football games again Supreme Court to review controversial policy at US-Mexico border to limit asylum seekers Trump ratchets up pressure on Supreme Court not to overturn his tariffs Will the Supreme Court treat Trump's tariffs like Biden's policies? Amy Coney Barrett says 'I'm nobody's justice.' That includes Trump. “It was grievously wrong when decided,” Sauer told the justices. He had a receptive audience. Chief Justice John Roberts called that 1935 decision, Humphrey's Executor v. United States, a “dried husk of whatever people used to think it was” because it has “nothing to do with what the FTC looks like today.” But Justice Sonia Sotomayor, the court’s most senior liberal justice, asked Sauer if the court has ever overturned such a long-standing precedent with a major impact on how the government operates. “You’re asking us to destroy the structure of government and to take away from Congress its ability to protect its idea that a government is better structured with some agencies that are independent,” she said. Expert predicts court will overturn Humprey's Executor Kevin King, a partner at Covington & Burling law firm who focuses on appellate and administrative and constitutional law matters, expects the court to overrule − not just further curtail − Humphrey’s Executor. That would mean Trump could remove heads of the FTC and of similar agencies. But King said Kagan’s probing about the potentially far-reaching consequences on other agencies could make a difference when the justices meet privately to discuss the case. “Even if Justice Kagan is not on the winning side of the vote here,” he said, “she nevertheless is influencing the court’s reasoning, and her questions may lead some of her colleagues to take a more cautious and narrow approach here.” Trump declared all federal agencies are under his control The Supreme Court from left, Justices Sonia Sotomayor, Amy Coney Barrett, Clarence Thomas and Neil Gorsuch, Chief Justice John Roberts, and Justices Brett Kavanaugh, Samuel Alito, Ketanji Brown Jackson and Elena Kagan. After taking office, Trump declared that all federal agencies are under his control. “The days of rule by unelected bureaucrats are over,” the president said in a March address to Congress. That same month, Trump fired the two Democratic members of the five-member Federal Trade Commission board, Slaughter and Alvaro Bedoya. The FTC enforces a variety of antitrust and consumer protection laws affecting virtually every area of commerce. He’d already removed Democratic members of two federal labor boards and would later fire the three Democrats on the CPSC. The Supreme Court allowed the firings to proceed while it decides whether Congress had the ability to limit the reasons regulators could be removed to “inefficiency, neglect of duty, or malfeasance in office.” Supreme Court will later consider Federal Reserve case Federal Reserve Governor Lisa Cook attends the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City's 2025 Jackson Hole economic symposium, "Labor Markets in Transition: Demographics, Productivity, and Macroeconomic Policy" in Jackson Hole, Wyoming, on Aug. 23, 2025. One question hanging over the case is whether the court will treat the Federal Reserve Board of Governors differently, as the justices suggested they might earlier this year when issuing a temporary ruling about firing labor commission members without cause. And the court did not allow Trump to immediately fire Federal Reserve Governor Lisa Cook, deciding instead to hear arguments in January on his claim that he has just cause to remove her. Slaughter’s and Cook’s cases are among at least four the justices are deciding in the coming months that test Trump’s expansive view of presidential authority. The court is also weighing whether Trump can impose sweeping tariffs on imports even though the Constitution gives Congress the power to raise revenue. And the court will decide if Trump's interpretation of the Constitution means he can deny citizenship to some babies born in the United States. A decision in Trump v. Slaughter is expected by the end of June.
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Freakin' Paranormal Freakin' Paranormal A haunted travel guide for the freakin' adventurous. Home Podcast Blog About Contact Us! Haunted Croatia Croatia is not only a beautiful country, it has numerous paranormal sites. What stands out about Croatia is that many of the hauntings are caused by recent events, in comparison to the much older stories we have told in our previous episodes. At first, we thought this might be due to the number of modern wars that ravaged this part of Europe. There have been eight wars fought here since 1918. However, when we compared modern day to the long history of this strategically-placed country, we learned that eight wars was just a drop in the bucket of bloodshed. Starting in 791 when Charlemagne marched into Croatia and made it a vassal state, Croatia has been involved in eighty-nine conflicts. That’s a lot of loss and heartache. The Witch, the Trial and the Guy in the Tower Veliki Tabor Castle via Wikipedia This story takes place in Veliki Tabor Castle in Hum Košnički, which is near Zagreb, the capital of Croatia. The castle is now a museum and can be visited. But the story is not about the castle. It’s about a young woman, Veronika of Desinić. The land around Veliki Tabor was once ruled by Count Herman II of Celje. His son Fridrik fell in love with a local girl. Of course, the count didn’t approve. So of course, the couple married in secret in Slovenia. When the count found out, he imprisoned his son in a tower for four years—which is a welcome departure from what would usually happen in such a case. The count pursued and caught Veronika and accused her of witchcraft, because she had certainly cast a spell over his son. Why else would his son misbehave? Veronika was put on trial and found innocent. Surprise. But the count overturned the verdict. He ordered his soldiers to kill the witch. Veronika was drowned in the castle courtyard of Veliki Tabor. Legend has it that as a safeguard, her body was built into the castle’s walls. No mention was made of what happened to the imprisoned son. He probably gained forty pounds in the tower and was married off to a royal hemophiliac from Prussia. The usual… Why It’s Superstitious: Go there at night—especially a cold dark night—and you might year Veronika’s cries and wails. Go there: Veliki Tabor Castle, Hum Košnički, Croatia The Island No One Will Buy Daska Island, via https://www.croatiaweek.com/controversial-croatian-island-up-for-sale-again/ For under two million euros, you could buy Daska Island. For that staggeringly low price, you get a villa, an old monastery, a lighthouse and a couple of crumbling docks on your own private island close to a major tourist destination. Sounds like a great investment, doesn’t it? But wait…the place is haunted. You can see small J-shaped Daska Island from the city of Dubrovnik. Daska is only 1.5 miles away from shore. In fact, you could swim to the isle—but no one ever does. Locals give the island a wide berth. So that means, if you were interested in buying the house, you’d have a difficult time hiring a boat to take you out to look at it. Inhabited by monks in medieval times. Place of refuge for sailors during storms. Everything changed in October 1944. Nazis were ousted at the end of WWII. Nazi sympathizers were rounded up, taken to the island and shot. 48-53 people were executed. Bodies left unburied. The dead included the mayor of Dubrovnik and some priests. Citizens were forbidden to collect their dead. In 2009, explorers stumbled over remains of six people. Authorities found 48 more. The bodies have been buried and a memorial erected. The math doesn’t make sense, but that’s what the research said… Why It’s Supernatural Ghosts and bad spirits haunt the island. Sailors won’t go ashore. Many won’t take a boat even close. Go There: Daska Island, Croatia The First Recorded Case of Vampirism A Bulgarian skeleton stabbed through the chest with an iron bar, via Wikipedia Jure Grando Alilović wasn’t famous enough or rich enough to have his portrait painted in the 16th century, so there is no image available of him. But his legend lives on. He was born in 1579 in Kringa on the Istria peninsula. He died in 1656 from an illness—nothing out of the ordinary for the time. In fact, he was fairly old. Seventy-seven. Lucky… But after Grando died, he began to terrorize his village until he was decapitated in 1672. The local priest reported that at night, Grando would knock on doors of the village, and whatever door he knocked on, in that home a person would die in a matter of days. Grando also appeared to his terrified widow in her bedroom. She described the corpse as smiling and gasping for breath. He would sexually assault her but didn’t kill her. Small favors. The priest eventually came face-to-face with the vampire and held out a cross and called on God to stop him. But his efforts were fruitless. A villager ran after the vampire and tried to stab him in the chest with a hawthorn stick, but couldn’t pierce the monster’s chest. Kringa, Croatia via Wikipedia The next night, the priest and nine other people marched to Grando’s grave. When they dug up his coffin, they found a perfectly-preserved corpse with a smile on its face. One of the villagers sawed off the vampire’s head. As soon as the saw cut the vampire’s flesh, he let out a roar and blood burst from his throat. After the decapitation, Grando the vampire was never seen in the village again. Why It’s Supernatural: It’s a vampire tale. Enough said… Go there: Kringa, Croatia The Lokrum Curse The former Benedictine monastery on Lokrum Island via Wikipedia. Lokrum Island is off the coast of the city of Dubrovnik. Benedictine monks first built a monastery there in 1023. Centuries later, in a government takeover, a French general demanded that the monks leave the island. On their last day at the monastery, the monks circled the island three times, holding candles upside down and chanting, “Whosoever claims Lokrum for his own personal pleasure shall be damned!“ Soon after the eviction, three aristocrats involved in the land grab were dead. One jumped out a window, one drowned, and another was killed by a servant. Later owners, including Captain Tomaševic, Archduke Maximilian Ferdinand of Habsburg and his wife Charlotte, either lost their fortunes, lost their lives or went insane. Many tragedies befell the Hapsburg family members who were unlucky enough to inherit the small island. Now all that remains on the island is a botanical garden and some wild peacocks. Why It’s Supernatural: Travelers can visit the island, but locals warn them to leave before dark. The residents of Dubrovnik still believe the curse remains. Go there: Lokrum Island, Croatia (by boat) Just Bury Me, and I’ll Leave… Prandau-Normann Castle via Wikipedia The church inside the castle, via Wikipedia This is the story of a courageous young woman who just wanted some basic human decency shown for her remains—and perhaps some recognition of her courage during an attack on the fortress now known as Prandau-Normann Castle. Prandau-Normann Castle in Valpovo is one of the largest schlosses (German for chateaux) in Croatia. It houses the oldest church in Croatia. Why is the castle paranormal? Because of another ghost lady. Only she’s white this time, and not green or gray. Apparently the spirit of a girl—the Lady in White—haunted the castle until a colonel in the imperial army visited the place in the 1800s. His name was Kuschmann. He complained about seeing a ghost. Maybe he was a channeler. Maybe he was an empath. Or maybe he didn’t like his after-dinner cigar interrupted by a young girl who claimed to have been murdered hundreds of years earlier. The ghost told him her body had been thrown unceremoniously between the ice-cellar and the city chapel, and she was going to keep bothering mortals until someone found her mortal remains and buried them. The owner of the castle, Baron Prandau, couldn’t have his guest being hounded by the Lady in White, so he ordered an excavation. And what do you know? The skeleton of a female was found in the exact spot the ghost told Colonel Kuschmann it would be. Many believe the skeleton belonged to a courageous heroine, Catherine, who helped defend the Valpovo fortress against the Turks in the 16th century. Why It’s Supernatural: Catherine’s ghost no longer haunts the castle, now that she has been found. Go there: Prandau-Normann Castle in Valpovo, Croatia The House No One Will Buy Ghost in the window of the Skrinjari House via @CreepyFacts1166 This house is located in the small village of Skrinjari and is considered one of the most haunted places in Croatia. There are many reports of paranormal activities in the house and around it. Unlike most haunted places we’ve talked about, this one is a fairly recent structure. The Skrinjari House via lets-travel-more.com Built in the 1950s or 80s. The owner left the house because of the paranormal activities. The house has been on the market since 1997 for an unusually low price. There are rumors that say the owner will give the house to anyone who can spend the night there. There are lots of reasons why this place might be haunted. Built over a graveyard. Small girl fell into a well and drowned. A young woman was killed here and supposedly her body was hidden in the foundations. The owner purposely built the structure to “leave something” behind (an evil spirit). What It’s Supernatural Eerie sounds like crying of a baby, screams, strange noises, strange shadows. Apparitions of woman and small girl inside the house and around the house. Apparently, those who have tried to spend the night have ended up in mental hospitals. Two policemen decided to investigate the house. However, their equipment didn’t work inside of the house, and in the morning they were found walking the house completely disoriented.
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