It looks rather biblical: Scott, Rosen reintroduce Antisemitism Awareness Act in Senate “It’s critical the Department of Education has the tools and resources it needs to investigate antisemitism,” said Sen. Tim Scott (R-S.C.). U.S. Capitol building in Washington, D.C. Credit: Maxim Kapytka/Pexels.U.S. Capitol building in Washington, D.C. Credit: Maxim Kapytka/Pexels. Facebook Twitter WhatsApp Email Print (Feb. 12, 2025 / JNS) Sens. Tim Scott (R-S.C.) and Jacky Rosen (D-Nev.) reintroduced the Antisemitism Awareness Act in the Senate on Wednesday. The bipartisan bill directs the U.S. Department of Education to use the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance’s (IHRA) working definition of antisemitism when investigating acts of Jew-hatred on campus. “In the continued aftermath of the Oct. 7 attacks on Israel by Hamas and Iran, we have seen college campuses across our nation become hotbeds of antisemitism where Jewish students’ rights are being threatened,” Scott said. “It’s critical the Department of Education has the tools and resources it needs to investigate antisemitism and root out this vile hatred wherever it rears its ugly head.” Subscribe to The JNS Daily Syndicate and never miss our top stories and analyses Email By signing up, you agree to receive emails from JNS. The legislation would enshrine in law U.S. President Donald Trump’s 2019 executive order instructing federal agencies to consider the IHRA definition of antisemitism in enforcing Title VI of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, which prohibits any recipient of federal funds from discriminating on the basis of race, color or national origin. Title VI notably applies to virtually every university in the country. The IHRA definition includes both a “non-legally binding working definition” of antisemitism as well as 11 “contemporary examples” of antisemitism, including “holding Jews collectively responsible for actions of the state of Israel,” and “denying the Jewish people their right to self-determination, e.g., by claiming that the existence of a State of Israel is a racist endeavor.” Related Articles Karim Khan, chief prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, briefs the Security Council meeting on the situation in Libya on Nov. 23, 2021. Credit: Eskinder Debebe/U.N. Photo. White House officially sanctions ICC chief prosecutor Karim Khan Feb. 13, 2025 U.S. President Donald Trump speaks to reporters at the White House in Washington, D.C., Feb. 4, 2025. Photo by Liri Agami/Flash90. Nobel laureates make bold peace prize offer to Trump in bid to save hostages from Hamas Feb. 13, 2025 The Iron Dome aerial-defense system fires interceptor missiles at enemy rockets fired from Lebanon, April 12, 2024. Photo by Ayal Margolin/Flash90. Iron Dome developer elected to National Academy of Engineering Feb. 13, 2025 A previous iteration the bill passed the House by a wide margin in 2024, but the previous Senate majority leader, Sen. Chuck Schumer (D-N.Y.), did not bring it to a vote in the upper chamber before the end of the 118th Congress. Critics of the legislation argue that the IHRA definition is too restrictive, with some on the left, like Rep. Jerry Nadler (D-N.Y.), saying that it precludes legitimate criticism of Israel. From the right, Rep. Marjorie Taylor Greene (R-Ga.) argued during the 2024 House vote Christians could be accused of antisemitism “for believing the Gospel that says Jesus was handed over to Herod to be crucified by the Jews.” The Senate version of the act has 32 co-sponsors, including Schumer, who was not a co-sponsor of the previous Senate version. Jewish groups such as the the Anti-Defamation League, the Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations, the American Jewish Committee and the Jewish Federations of North America have also endorsed the legislation. Reps. Josh Gottheimer (D-N.J.) and Mike Lawler (R-N.Y.) reintroduced the House version of the bill in the lower chamber earlier in February.
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Freakin' Paranormal Freakin' Paranormal A haunted travel guide for the freakin' adventurous. Home Podcast Blog About Contact Us! Haunted Croatia Croatia is not only a beautiful country, it has numerous paranormal sites. What stands out about Croatia is that many of the hauntings are caused by recent events, in comparison to the much older stories we have told in our previous episodes. At first, we thought this might be due to the number of modern wars that ravaged this part of Europe. There have been eight wars fought here since 1918. However, when we compared modern day to the long history of this strategically-placed country, we learned that eight wars was just a drop in the bucket of bloodshed. Starting in 791 when Charlemagne marched into Croatia and made it a vassal state, Croatia has been involved in eighty-nine conflicts. That’s a lot of loss and heartache. The Witch, the Trial and the Guy in the Tower Veliki Tabor Castle via Wikipedia This story takes place in Veliki Tabor Castle in Hum Košnički, which is near Zagreb, the capital of Croatia. The castle is now a museum and can be visited. But the story is not about the castle. It’s about a young woman, Veronika of Desinić. The land around Veliki Tabor was once ruled by Count Herman II of Celje. His son Fridrik fell in love with a local girl. Of course, the count didn’t approve. So of course, the couple married in secret in Slovenia. When the count found out, he imprisoned his son in a tower for four years—which is a welcome departure from what would usually happen in such a case. The count pursued and caught Veronika and accused her of witchcraft, because she had certainly cast a spell over his son. Why else would his son misbehave? Veronika was put on trial and found innocent. Surprise. But the count overturned the verdict. He ordered his soldiers to kill the witch. Veronika was drowned in the castle courtyard of Veliki Tabor. Legend has it that as a safeguard, her body was built into the castle’s walls. No mention was made of what happened to the imprisoned son. He probably gained forty pounds in the tower and was married off to a royal hemophiliac from Prussia. The usual… Why It’s Superstitious: Go there at night—especially a cold dark night—and you might year Veronika’s cries and wails. Go there: Veliki Tabor Castle, Hum Košnički, Croatia The Island No One Will Buy Daska Island, via https://www.croatiaweek.com/controversial-croatian-island-up-for-sale-again/ For under two million euros, you could buy Daska Island. For that staggeringly low price, you get a villa, an old monastery, a lighthouse and a couple of crumbling docks on your own private island close to a major tourist destination. Sounds like a great investment, doesn’t it? But wait…the place is haunted. You can see small J-shaped Daska Island from the city of Dubrovnik. Daska is only 1.5 miles away from shore. In fact, you could swim to the isle—but no one ever does. Locals give the island a wide berth. So that means, if you were interested in buying the house, you’d have a difficult time hiring a boat to take you out to look at it. Inhabited by monks in medieval times. Place of refuge for sailors during storms. Everything changed in October 1944. Nazis were ousted at the end of WWII. Nazi sympathizers were rounded up, taken to the island and shot. 48-53 people were executed. Bodies left unburied. The dead included the mayor of Dubrovnik and some priests. Citizens were forbidden to collect their dead. In 2009, explorers stumbled over remains of six people. Authorities found 48 more. The bodies have been buried and a memorial erected. The math doesn’t make sense, but that’s what the research said… Why It’s Supernatural Ghosts and bad spirits haunt the island. Sailors won’t go ashore. Many won’t take a boat even close. Go There: Daska Island, Croatia The First Recorded Case of Vampirism A Bulgarian skeleton stabbed through the chest with an iron bar, via Wikipedia Jure Grando Alilović wasn’t famous enough or rich enough to have his portrait painted in the 16th century, so there is no image available of him. But his legend lives on. He was born in 1579 in Kringa on the Istria peninsula. He died in 1656 from an illness—nothing out of the ordinary for the time. In fact, he was fairly old. Seventy-seven. Lucky… But after Grando died, he began to terrorize his village until he was decapitated in 1672. The local priest reported that at night, Grando would knock on doors of the village, and whatever door he knocked on, in that home a person would die in a matter of days. Grando also appeared to his terrified widow in her bedroom. She described the corpse as smiling and gasping for breath. He would sexually assault her but didn’t kill her. Small favors. The priest eventually came face-to-face with the vampire and held out a cross and called on God to stop him. But his efforts were fruitless. A villager ran after the vampire and tried to stab him in the chest with a hawthorn stick, but couldn’t pierce the monster’s chest. Kringa, Croatia via Wikipedia The next night, the priest and nine other people marched to Grando’s grave. When they dug up his coffin, they found a perfectly-preserved corpse with a smile on its face. One of the villagers sawed off the vampire’s head. As soon as the saw cut the vampire’s flesh, he let out a roar and blood burst from his throat. After the decapitation, Grando the vampire was never seen in the village again. Why It’s Supernatural: It’s a vampire tale. Enough said… Go there: Kringa, Croatia The Lokrum Curse The former Benedictine monastery on Lokrum Island via Wikipedia. Lokrum Island is off the coast of the city of Dubrovnik. Benedictine monks first built a monastery there in 1023. Centuries later, in a government takeover, a French general demanded that the monks leave the island. On their last day at the monastery, the monks circled the island three times, holding candles upside down and chanting, “Whosoever claims Lokrum for his own personal pleasure shall be damned!“ Soon after the eviction, three aristocrats involved in the land grab were dead. One jumped out a window, one drowned, and another was killed by a servant. Later owners, including Captain Tomaševic, Archduke Maximilian Ferdinand of Habsburg and his wife Charlotte, either lost their fortunes, lost their lives or went insane. Many tragedies befell the Hapsburg family members who were unlucky enough to inherit the small island. Now all that remains on the island is a botanical garden and some wild peacocks. Why It’s Supernatural: Travelers can visit the island, but locals warn them to leave before dark. The residents of Dubrovnik still believe the curse remains. Go there: Lokrum Island, Croatia (by boat) Just Bury Me, and I’ll Leave… Prandau-Normann Castle via Wikipedia The church inside the castle, via Wikipedia This is the story of a courageous young woman who just wanted some basic human decency shown for her remains—and perhaps some recognition of her courage during an attack on the fortress now known as Prandau-Normann Castle. Prandau-Normann Castle in Valpovo is one of the largest schlosses (German for chateaux) in Croatia. It houses the oldest church in Croatia. Why is the castle paranormal? Because of another ghost lady. Only she’s white this time, and not green or gray. Apparently the spirit of a girl—the Lady in White—haunted the castle until a colonel in the imperial army visited the place in the 1800s. His name was Kuschmann. He complained about seeing a ghost. Maybe he was a channeler. Maybe he was an empath. Or maybe he didn’t like his after-dinner cigar interrupted by a young girl who claimed to have been murdered hundreds of years earlier. The ghost told him her body had been thrown unceremoniously between the ice-cellar and the city chapel, and she was going to keep bothering mortals until someone found her mortal remains and buried them. The owner of the castle, Baron Prandau, couldn’t have his guest being hounded by the Lady in White, so he ordered an excavation. And what do you know? The skeleton of a female was found in the exact spot the ghost told Colonel Kuschmann it would be. Many believe the skeleton belonged to a courageous heroine, Catherine, who helped defend the Valpovo fortress against the Turks in the 16th century. Why It’s Supernatural: Catherine’s ghost no longer haunts the castle, now that she has been found. Go there: Prandau-Normann Castle in Valpovo, Croatia The House No One Will Buy Ghost in the window of the Skrinjari House via @CreepyFacts1166 This house is located in the small village of Skrinjari and is considered one of the most haunted places in Croatia. There are many reports of paranormal activities in the house and around it. Unlike most haunted places we’ve talked about, this one is a fairly recent structure. The Skrinjari House via lets-travel-more.com Built in the 1950s or 80s. The owner left the house because of the paranormal activities. The house has been on the market since 1997 for an unusually low price. There are rumors that say the owner will give the house to anyone who can spend the night there. There are lots of reasons why this place might be haunted. Built over a graveyard. Small girl fell into a well and drowned. A young woman was killed here and supposedly her body was hidden in the foundations. The owner purposely built the structure to “leave something” behind (an evil spirit). What It’s Supernatural Eerie sounds like crying of a baby, screams, strange noises, strange shadows. Apparitions of woman and small girl inside the house and around the house. Apparently, those who have tried to spend the night have ended up in mental hospitals. Two policemen decided to investigate the house. However, their equipment didn’t work inside of the house, and in the morning they were found walking the house completely disoriented.
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Campus Antisemitism Report Card™ ADL’s Campus Antisemitism Report Card provides information about the current state of antisemitism on campus and how universities and colleges are responding. ADL’s Report Card 2.0 assesses 135 schools based on 30 criteria, separated into: ‘Administrative Policies,’ ‘Jewish Life on Campus’ and ‘Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns.' Ratings were assigned under each category that factor into each school’s grade; grades may vary despite identical performance labels due to percentage score differences or qualitative assessments. The impact and enforcement of recently enacted policies may not yet have been fully realized, resulting in higher campus conduct and climate concerns. The Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns category only reflects ‘severe’ and ‘other’ incidents that occurred between April and December 2024. View more information on the methodology. Our analysis combines objective data with certain subjective impressions and analysis as well as our beliefs about how to weigh different factors. Reasonable people may disagree with these decisions. The cards below provide campus snapshots; for more information, click View Details to see full campus profiles. Read FAQs and Grading Approach Find a School Enter a zip code, college name, or keyword Filters & Key Letter Grade A Ahead of the Pack B Better than Most C Corrections Needed D Deficient Approach F Failing Criteria Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions 1 Above Expectations 2 Meeting Expectations 3 Below Expectations Jewish Life on Campus 1 Excellent 2 Satisfactory 3 Subpar Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns 1 Low to None 2 Medium 3 High Type of School Public School Private School State Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas See More + Add a School + Add a School + Add a School b Washington, DC American University Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell American University to Keep Protecting Jewish Students Last updated April 4, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison b Amherst, MA Amherst College Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell Amherst College to Keep Protecting Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c Boone, NC Appalachian State University Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell Appalachian State University to Protect Jewish Students. Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison a Tempe, AZ Arizona State University Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell Arizona State University to Keep Protecting Jewish Students Last updated April 4, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison d New York, NY Barnard College Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Demand that Barnard College Protect Jewish Students. Last updated April 1, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison b Binghamton, NY Binghamton University Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell Binghamton University to Keep Protecting Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c Boston, MA Boston University Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell Boston University to Protect Jewish Students Last updated April 4, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c Brunswick, ME Bowdoin College Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell Bowdoin College to Protect Jewish Students Last updated July 25, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison a Waltham, MA Brandeis University Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell Brandeis University to Keep Protecting Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c Providence, RI Brown University Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell Brown University to Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison b New York, NY CUNY Baruch College Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell CUNY Baruch College to Keep Protecting Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison a Brooklyn, NY CUNY Brooklyn College Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell CUNY Brooklyn College to Keep Protecting Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c New York, NY CUNY Hunter College Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell CUNY Hunter College to Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 13, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c Pasadena, CA California Institute of Technology Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell California Institute of Technology to Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison d San Luis Obispo, CA California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Demand that California Polytechnic State University Protect Jewish Students Last updated April 4, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c Long Beach, CA California State University Long Beach Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell California State University Long Beach to Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison d Northridge, CA California State University, Northridge Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Demand that California State University Northridge Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison d Northfield, MN Carleton College Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Demand that Carleton College Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison b Pittsburgh, PA Carnegie Mellon University Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell Carnegie Mellon University to Keep Protecting Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison d Orange, CA Chapman University Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Demand that Chapman University Protect Jewish Students. Last updated March 10, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison d Colorado Springs, CO Colorado College Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Demand that Colorado College Protect Jewish Students Last updated April 1, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison d New York, NY Columbia University Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Demand that Columbia University Protect Jewish Students Last updated April 1, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c Ithaca, NY Cornell University Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell Cornell University to Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison b Hanover, NH Dartmouth College Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell Dartmouth College to Keep Protecting Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison f Chicago, IL DePaul University Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Demand that DePaul University Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison b Philadelphia, PA Drexel University Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell Drexel University to Keep Protecting Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison b Durham, NC Duke University Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell Duke University to Keep Protecting Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison a Elon, NC Elon University Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell Elon University to Keep Protecting Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c Atlanta, GA Emory University Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell Emory University to Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison f Olympia, WA Evergreen State College Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Demand that Evergreen State College Protect Jewish Students. Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison b Boca Raton, FL Florida Atlantic University Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell Florida Atlantic University to Keep Protecting Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison a Miami, FL Florida International University Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell Florida International University to Keep Protecting Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison b Tallahassee, FL Florida State University Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell Florida State University to Keep Protecting Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c Fairfax, VA George Mason University Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell George Mason University to Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c Washington, DC George Washington University Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell George Washington University to Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 17, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison b Washington, DC Georgetown University Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell Georgetown University to Keep Protecting Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison b Atlanta, GA Georgia Institute of Technology Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell Georgia Tech to Keep Protecting Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c Cambridge, MA Harvard University Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell Harvard University to Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison f Haverford, PA Haverford College Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Demand that Haverford College Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison b Hempstead, NY Hofstra University Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell Hofstra University to Keep Protecting Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison b Bloomington, IN Indiana University Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell Indiana University to Keep Protecting Jewish Students Last updated April 4, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison b Ithaca, NY Ithaca College Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell Ithaca College to Keep Protecting Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison b Baltimore, MD Johns Hopkins University Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell Johns Hopkins University to Keep Protecting Jewish Students Last updated April 4, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison d Kalamazoo, MI Kalamazoo College Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Demand that Kalamazoo College Protect Jewish Students Last updated June 23, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c Bethlehem, PA Lehigh University Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell Lehigh University to Protect Jewish Students Last updated April 4, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison f New Orleans, LA Loyola University, New Orleans Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Demand that Loyola University New Orleans Protect Jewish Students Last updated April 1, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison d Cambridge, MA Massachusetts Institute of Technology Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Demand that Massachusetts Institute of Technology Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison b East Lansing, MI Michigan State University Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell Michigan State University to Keep Protecting Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison b Allentown, PA Muhlenberg College Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell Muhlenberg College to Keep Protecting Jewish Students Last updated March 24, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison b New York, NY New York University Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell New York University to Keep Protecting Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c Raleigh, NC North Carolina State University Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell North Carolina State University to Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison b Boston, MA Northeastern University Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell Northeastern University to Keep Protecting Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c Evanston, IL Northwestern University Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell Northwestern University to Protect Jewish Students Last updated April 4, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison b Oberlin, OH Oberlin College Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell Oberlin College to Keep Protecting Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison b University Park, PA Pennsylvania State University, University Park Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell Pennsylvania State University, University Park to Keep Protecting Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison f Claremont, CA Pitzer College Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Demand that Pitzer College Protect Jewish Students Last updated October 6, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison f Claremont, CA Pomona College Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Demand that Pomona College Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison f Portland, OR Portland State University Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Demand that Portland State University Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison d Princeton, NJ Princeton University Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Demand that Princeton University Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 7, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison a West Lafayette, IN Purdue University Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell Purdue University to Keep Protecting Jewish Students. Last updated April 4, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison a Queens, NY Queens College, CUNY Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell CUNY Queens College to Keep Protecting Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c Houston, TX Rice University Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell Rice University to Protect Jewish Students Last updated April 1, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison d New Brunswick, NJ Rutgers University, New Brunswick Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Demand that Rutgers University, New Brunswick Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c New Paltz, NY SUNY New Paltz Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell SUNY New Paltz to Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison b Purchase, NY SUNY Purchase Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell SUNY Purchase College to Keep Protecting Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison b Suffern, NY SUNY Rockland Community College Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell SUNY Rockland Community College to Keep Protecting Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison b San Diego, CA San Diego State University Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell San Diego State University to Keep Protecting Jewish Students Last updated April 4, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison d San Francisco, CA San Francisco State University Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Demand that San Francisco State University Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 24, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison f Claremont, CA Scripps College Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Demand that Scripps College Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c Stanford, CA Stanford University Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell Stanford University to Protect Jewish Students Last updated April 4, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison b Stony Brook, NY Stony Brook University Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell Stony Brook University to Keep Protecting Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison d Swarthmore, PA Swarthmore College Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Demand that Swarthmore College Protect Jewish Students Last updated April 1, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c Syracuse, NY Syracuse University Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell Syracuse University to Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c Philadelphia, PA Temple University Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell Temple University to Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 11, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c College Station, TX Texas A&M University Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell Texas A&M University to Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison f New York, NY The New School Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Demand that The New School Protect Jewish Students Last updated April 1, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c Columbus, OH The Ohio State University Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell The Ohio State University to Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c Towson, MD Towson University Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell Towson University to Protect Jewish Students Last updated April 2, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c Medford, MA Tufts University Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell Tufts University to Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison b New Orleans, LA Tulane University Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell Tulane University to Keep Protecting Jewish Students Last updated April 4, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c Albany, NY University at Albany, SUNY Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell University at Albany to Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison b Getzville, NY University at Buffalo Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell University at Buffalo to Keep Protecting Jewish Students. Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison a Tuscaloosa, AL University of Alabama Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell University of Alabama to Keep Protecting Jewish Students Last updated March 4, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison b Tucson, AZ University of Arizona Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell University of Arizona to Keep Protecting Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c Berkeley, CA University of California, Berkeley Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell University of California Berkeley to Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c Davis, CA University of California, Davis Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell University of California Davis to Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c Irvine, CA University of California, Irvine Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell University of California Irvine to Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison d Los Angeles, CA University of California, Los Angeles Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Demand that University of California Los Angeles Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison d Riverside, CA University of California, Riverside Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Demand that University of California Riverside Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c La Jolla, CA University of California, San Diego Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell University of California San Diego to Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison d Santa Barbara, CA University of California, Santa Barbara Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Demand that University of California Santa Barbara Protect Jewish Students Last updated April 4, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison d Santa Cruz, CA University of California, Santa Cruz Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Demand that University of California Santa Cruz Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison b Orlando, FL University of Central Florida Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell University of Central Florida to Keep Protecting Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison d Chicago, IL University of Chicago Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Demand that University of Chicago Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison b Boulder, CO University of Colorado, Boulder Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell University of Colorado Boulder to Keep Protecting Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison b Storrs, CT University of Connecticut Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell University of Connecticut to Keep Protecting Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison b Newark, DE University of Delaware Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell University of Delaware to Keep Protecting Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c Denver, CO University of Denver Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell University of Denver to Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison b Gainesville, FL University of Florida Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell University of Florida to Keep Protecting Jewish Students. Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison a Athens, GA University of Georgia Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell University of Georgia to Keep Protecting Jewish Students Last updated April 4, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison b West Hartford, CT University of Hartford Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell University of Hartford to Keep Protecting Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c Houston, TX University of Houston Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell The University of Houston to Protect Jewish Students Last updated April 4, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison f Chicago, IL University of Illinois, Chicago Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Demand that University of Illinois Chicago Protect Jewish Students Last updated April 1, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c Champaign, IL University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign to Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 7, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison b Lawrence, KS University of Kansas Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell University of Kansas to Keep Protecting Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison d Baltimore, MD University of Maryland, Baltimore County Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Demand that University of Maryland Baltimore County Protect Jewish Students Last updated April 1, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c College Park, MD University of Maryland, College Park Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell University of Maryland College Park to Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 4, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison d Amherst, MA University of Massachusetts, Amherst Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Demand that University of Massachusetts Amherst Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison a Coral Gables, FL University of Miami Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell University of Miami to Keep Protecting Jewish Students Last updated June 6, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c Ann Arbor, MI University of Michigan Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell University of Michigan to Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c Minneapolis, MN University of Minnesota, Minneapolis Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell The University of Minnesota to Protect Jewish Students Last updated April 4, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c Lincoln, NE University of Nebraska, Lincoln Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell University of Nebraska – Lincoln to Protect Jewish Students Last updated April 1, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison b Las Vegas, NV University of Nevada, Las Vegas Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell University of Nevada Las Vegas to Keep Protecting Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c Chapel Hill, NC University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell University of North Carolina Chapel Hill to Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c Notre Dame , IN University of Notre Dame Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell University of Notre Dame to Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison d Eugene, OR University of Oregon Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Demand that University of Oregon Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c Philadelphia, PA University of Pennsylvania Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell University of Pennsylvania to Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c Pittsburgh, PA University of Pittsburgh Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell University of Pittsburgh to Protect Jewish Students Last updated April 4, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison b Columbia, SC University of South Carolina Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell University of South Carolina to Keep Protecting Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison b Tampa, FL University of South Florida Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell University of South Florida to Keep Protecting Jewish Students Last updated April 4, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c Los Angeles, CA University of Southern California Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell University of Southern California to Protect Jewish Students Last updated April 4, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison b Austin, TX University of Texas, Austin Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell University of Texas, Austin to Keep Protecting Jewish Students. Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c Burlington, VT University of Vermont Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell University of Vermont to Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c Charlottesville, VA University of Virginia Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell University of Virginia to Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison d Seattle, WA University of Washington Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Demand that University of Washington Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c Madison, WI University of Wisconsin–Madison Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell University of Wisconsin Madison to Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison a Nashville, TN Vanderbilt University Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell Vanderbilt University to Keep Protecting Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison b Poughkeepsie, NY Vassar College Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell Vassar College to Keep Protecting Jewish Students. Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c Blacksburg, VA Virginia Tech Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell Virginia Tech to Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison b Winston-Salem, NC Wake Forest University Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell Wake Forest University to Keep Protecting Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison b St. Louis, MO Washington University in St. Louis Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell Washington University in St. Louis to Keep Protecting Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c Detroit, MI Wayne State University Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell Wayne State University to Protect Jewish Students Last updated April 1, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison b Wellesley, MA Wellesley College Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell Wellesley College to Keep Protecting Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison c Williamstown, MA Williams College Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Tell Williams College to Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison d New Haven, CT Yale University Publicly Disclosed Administrative Actions Jewish Life on Campus Campus Conduct and Climate Concerns Demand that Yale University Protect Jewish Students Last updated March 3, 2025 View Full Report Add to Comparison
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The end of the deep state is here; Supreme Court seems likely to give Trump more power over agencies President Trump wants the Supreme Court to overturn a 90-year-old precedent limiting his ability to remove leaders of independent agencies. Portrait of Maureen GroppeMaureen Groppe USA TODAY Updated Dec. 8, 2025, 4:56 p.m. ET Deeper Dive BETA Which company sued over Trump's tariffs in a Supreme Court case? When did the Supreme Court hear arguments on Trump's agency firing case? What precedent does Trump seek to overturn regarding agency leadership removal? Which company sued over Trump's tariffs in a Supreme Court case? WASHINGTON – The Supreme Court appears likely to agree with President Donald Trump that he can fire at will the heads of some independent agencies, hearing arguments on Dec. 8 in a case that could redefine how more than a dozen agencies operate and shift power from Congress to the president. The agencies were set up by Congress to be led by politically balanced boards of experts serving staggered, fixed terms. But Trump argues presidential control will make agencies like the Federal Trade Commission, the Consumer Product Safety Commission and the Federal Election Commission more accountable to voters who elect presidents. “The real-world consequences here are human beings exercising enormous governmental authority with a great deal of control over individuals and small and large businesses who ultimately do not answer to the president,” Solicitor General John Sauer told the justices during nearly 2 ½ hours of oral arguments. “That’s a power vacuum.” A lawyer for Rebecca Kelly Slaughter, a FTC commissioner fired by Trump, countered that independent agencies have been part of the nation's governing structure since 1790. “Any abstract theory that would wipe away so much history and precedent should be a nonstarter,” attorney Amit Agarwal argued. Conservative justices sympathetic to Trump's argument President Donald Trump shakes hands with Supreme Court Chief Justice John Roberts in the Rotunda of the U.S. Capitol on Jan. 20, 2025. But the court’s conservative supermajority seemed more sympathetic to the Trump administration’s position. Most seemed to agree that the president should be able to remove leaders from at least some agencies and pushed only on how far that could go. Justice Brett Kavanaugh, for example, stressed early that he views the Federal Reserve differently. By contrast, the court’s three liberal justices tried to raise the alarm about the potential consequences of letting presidents control agencies that Congress tried to insulate from political interference. “The result of what you want is that the president is going to have massive, unchecked, uncontrolled power,” Justice Elena Kagan said, “not only to do traditional execution, but to make law through legislative and adjudicative frameworks." Get the Susan Page newsletter in your inbox. Get the latest story from Susan Page right in your inbox. Delivery: Varies Your Email In response, Justice Samuel Alito gave Sauer the chance to argue that the results won’t be disastrous. “In fact, our entire government will move towards accountability,” Sauer agreed. But Agarwal said a president could “just on a whim decide tomorrow that everything the agency has been doing is wrong.” Trump wants Supreme Court to overturn a 90-year-old precedent The headquarters of the US Federal Trade Commission (FTC) in Washington, DC, November 18, 2024. Trump wants the court to overturn a 1935 decision limiting a president's ability to remove leaders of multimember administrative agencies, a decision the court has been chipping away at since 2010. Under the “unitary executive theory” that conservatives have advanced for years, the Constitution gives presidents complete control over executive functions, which must include the power to remove commission members. In 1935, however, the Supreme Court said the FTC’s duties were “neither political nor executive, but predominantly quasi-judicial and quasi-legislative.” The Department of Justice argues that even if that was a correct interpretation of the FTC in 1935 − which it disputes − it no longer is. Supreme Court could topple yet another campaign finance limit Supreme Court to take on controversial Trump policy on birthright citizenship Supreme Court lets Texas use congressional map favored by Trump Supreme Court not ready to tackle prayers at football games again Supreme Court to review controversial policy at US-Mexico border to limit asylum seekers Trump ratchets up pressure on Supreme Court not to overturn his tariffs Will the Supreme Court treat Trump's tariffs like Biden's policies? Amy Coney Barrett says 'I'm nobody's justice.' That includes Trump. “It was grievously wrong when decided,” Sauer told the justices. He had a receptive audience. Chief Justice John Roberts called that 1935 decision, Humphrey's Executor v. United States, a “dried husk of whatever people used to think it was” because it has “nothing to do with what the FTC looks like today.” But Justice Sonia Sotomayor, the court’s most senior liberal justice, asked Sauer if the court has ever overturned such a long-standing precedent with a major impact on how the government operates. “You’re asking us to destroy the structure of government and to take away from Congress its ability to protect its idea that a government is better structured with some agencies that are independent,” she said. Expert predicts court will overturn Humprey's Executor Kevin King, a partner at Covington & Burling law firm who focuses on appellate and administrative and constitutional law matters, expects the court to overrule − not just further curtail − Humphrey’s Executor. That would mean Trump could remove heads of the FTC and of similar agencies. But King said Kagan’s probing about the potentially far-reaching consequences on other agencies could make a difference when the justices meet privately to discuss the case. “Even if Justice Kagan is not on the winning side of the vote here,” he said, “she nevertheless is influencing the court’s reasoning, and her questions may lead some of her colleagues to take a more cautious and narrow approach here.” Trump declared all federal agencies are under his control The Supreme Court from left, Justices Sonia Sotomayor, Amy Coney Barrett, Clarence Thomas and Neil Gorsuch, Chief Justice John Roberts, and Justices Brett Kavanaugh, Samuel Alito, Ketanji Brown Jackson and Elena Kagan. After taking office, Trump declared that all federal agencies are under his control. “The days of rule by unelected bureaucrats are over,” the president said in a March address to Congress. That same month, Trump fired the two Democratic members of the five-member Federal Trade Commission board, Slaughter and Alvaro Bedoya. The FTC enforces a variety of antitrust and consumer protection laws affecting virtually every area of commerce. He’d already removed Democratic members of two federal labor boards and would later fire the three Democrats on the CPSC. The Supreme Court allowed the firings to proceed while it decides whether Congress had the ability to limit the reasons regulators could be removed to “inefficiency, neglect of duty, or malfeasance in office.” Supreme Court will later consider Federal Reserve case Federal Reserve Governor Lisa Cook attends the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City's 2025 Jackson Hole economic symposium, "Labor Markets in Transition: Demographics, Productivity, and Macroeconomic Policy" in Jackson Hole, Wyoming, on Aug. 23, 2025. One question hanging over the case is whether the court will treat the Federal Reserve Board of Governors differently, as the justices suggested they might earlier this year when issuing a temporary ruling about firing labor commission members without cause. And the court did not allow Trump to immediately fire Federal Reserve Governor Lisa Cook, deciding instead to hear arguments in January on his claim that he has just cause to remove her. Slaughter’s and Cook’s cases are among at least four the justices are deciding in the coming months that test Trump’s expansive view of presidential authority. The court is also weighing whether Trump can impose sweeping tariffs on imports even though the Constitution gives Congress the power to raise revenue. And the court will decide if Trump's interpretation of the Constitution means he can deny citizenship to some babies born in the United States. A decision in Trump v. Slaughter is expected by the end of June.
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